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A number of governments have treated Freemasonry as a potential source of opposition due to its secret nature and international connections. After the founding of modern speculative Masonry in England in 1717, several Protestant states restricted Masonic lodges: Holland banned the lodge in 1735; Sweden and Geneva, in 1738; Zurich, in 1740; and Berne, in 1745. Catholic Spain, Portugal, and Italy attempted to suppress Freemasonry after 1738. Bavaria followed in 1784; Austria, in 1795; Baden, in 1813; Russia, in 1822;〔Whalen, W.J., "Freemasonry" (''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1967) ) article hosted at ''trosch.org''. Retrieved 2011-10-19.〕 Pakistan, in 1972.〔("Masonic mystique " - Dawn.com )〕 Masonic scholar Paul Bessel has noted that the language used by modern totalitarian regimes is similar to that used by some other modern critics of Freemasonry.〔 〕 Freemasonry was persecuted in all the communist countries,〔〔 but the organisation has survived in Cuba, allegedly providing safe haven for dissidents.〔(Cuba's muzzled mavericks find haven among Masons ), by Gary Marx, published April 14, 2005〕 ==Europe== Freemasonry was outlawed in the Soviet Union during the Communist era and suppressed throughout Central Europe (Hungary and Czechoslovakia).〔Whalen, W.J., "Freemasonry" (''The New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1967) ) article hosted at ''trosch.org''. Retrieved 2011-10-19. "Soviet Russia outlawed Masonry in 1922. Freemasonry does not exist today in the Soviet Union, China, or other Communist states. Postwar revivals of Freemasonry in Czechoslovakia and Hungary were suppressed in 1950."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Suppression of Freemasonry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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